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To move the allocation of resources closer to the social optimum,what should policymakers typically try to induce firms in an oligopoly to do


A) collude with each other
B) form various degrees of cartels
C) compete rather than cooperate with each other
D) cooperate rather than compete with each other

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Describe the source of tension between cooperation and self-interest in a market characterized by oligopoly.Use an example of an actual cartel arrangement to demonstrate why this tension creates instability in cartels.

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The source of the tension exists because...

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Table 17-2 The information in the table depicts the total demand for wireless Internet subscriptions in a small urban market. Assume that each wireless Internet operator pays a fixed cost of $100,000 (per year) to provide wireless Internet in the market area and that the marginal cost of providing the wireless Internet service to a household is zero. Table 17-2 The information in the table depicts the total demand for wireless Internet subscriptions in a small urban market. Assume that each wireless Internet operator pays a fixed cost of $100,000 (per year)  to provide wireless Internet in the market area and that the marginal cost of providing the wireless Internet service to a household is zero.    -Refer to Table 17-2.Assume that there are two profit-maximizing wireless Internet companies operating in this market.Further assume that they are not able to  collude  on price and quantity of wireless Internet subscriptions to sell.What price will wireless Internet subscriptions be sold at when this market reaches a Nash equilibrium A) $60 B) $90 C) $120 D) $150 -Refer to Table 17-2.Assume that there are two profit-maximizing wireless Internet companies operating in this market.Further assume that they are not able to "collude" on price and quantity of wireless Internet subscriptions to sell.What price will wireless Internet subscriptions be sold at when this market reaches a Nash equilibrium


A) $60
B) $90
C) $120
D) $150

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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What do games that are played more than once generally lead to


A) outcomes dominated purely by self-interest
B) outcomes that do not reflect joint rationality
C) cheating on cartel production quotas
D) collusive arrangements that are easier to enforce

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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A central issue in the Microsoft antitrust lawsuit involved Microsoft's integration of its Internet browser into its Windows operating system,to be sold as one unit.What is this practice known as


A) tying
B) predation
C) wholesale maintenance
D) retail maintenance

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Scenario 17-1 Assume that the countries of Irun and Urun are the only two producers of crude oil.Further assume that both countries have entered into an agreement to maintain certain production levels in order to maximize profits.In the world market for oil, the demand curve is downward sloping. -Refer to Scenario 17-1.As long as production levels are less than the Nash equilibrium levels,what do both Irun and Urun have the individual incentive to do


A) decrease price
B) decrease production
C) increase production
D) increase price

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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When firms have agreements among themselves on the quantity to produce and the price at which to sell output,what is their form of organization called


A) a Nash arrangement
B) a cartel
C) a monopolistically competitive oligopoly
D) a perfectly competitive oligopoly

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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When is predatory pricing best exemplified


A) when a firm exercises its oligopoly power by raising its price through the formation of a cartel
B) when a firm exercises its monopoly power by raising its price
C) when a firm cuts its prices in order make itself more competitive
D) when a firm cuts its prices temporarily in order to drive out any competition

E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

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What is a situation called in which economic actors.interacting with one another,each choose their best strategy,given the strategies the others have chosen


A) a cartel
B) an open market solution
C) a socially optimal solution
D) a Nash equilibrium

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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When will profit-maximizing production decisions drive price to equal marginal cost


A) when many sellers sell products that are slightly differentiated
B) when many sellers sell products that are identical
C) when there is only one seller
D) when there are only a few sellers

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Table 17-4 Consider trade relations between Canada and Germany. Assume that the leaders of the two countries believe the payoffs to alternative trade policies are as follows: Table 17-4  Consider trade relations between Canada and Germany. Assume that the leaders of the two countries believe the payoffs to alternative trade policies are as follows:    -Refer to Table 17-4.Assume that trade negotiators meet to discuss trade policy between Canada and Germany.If neither party to the negotiation is able to trust the other party,then how will they choose their strategies A) Each should assume that the other will choose a strategy that optimizes total value of the trade relationship. B) The Nash equilibrium will provide the largest possible gains to each party. C) Mexican negotiators should assume that Canadian negotiators will implement a policy that is in the mutual best interest of both countries. D) Each should follow their dominant strategy. -Refer to Table 17-4.Assume that trade negotiators meet to discuss trade policy between Canada and Germany.If neither party to the negotiation is able to trust the other party,then how will they choose their strategies


A) Each should assume that the other will choose a strategy that optimizes total value of the trade relationship.
B) The Nash equilibrium will provide the largest possible gains to each party.
C) Mexican negotiators should assume that Canadian negotiators will implement a policy that is in the mutual best interest of both countries.
D) Each should follow their dominant strategy.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Larger cartels have a greater probability of reaching the monopoly outcome than do smaller cartels.

A) True
B) False

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Laurel and Jana are competitors in a local market and each is trying to decide if it is worthwhile to advertise.If both of them advertise,each will earn a profit of $5000.If neither of them advertises,each will earn a profit of $10,000.If one advertises and the other doesn't,then the one who advertises will earn a profit of $12,000 and the other will earn $2000.In this version of the prisoner's dilemma,if the game is played only once,what should Laurel do And what should she do if the game is repeated many times


A) advertise, but if the game is to be repeated many times she should probably not advertise
B) advertise, and if the game is to be repeated many times she should still probably advertise
C) not advertise, but if the game is to be repeated many times she should probably advertise
D) not advertise, and if the game is to be repeated many times she should still not advertise

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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When prisoners' dilemma games are repeated over and over,sometimes the threat of penalty causes both parties to cooperate.

A) True
B) False

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Scenario 17-2 Imagine that two oil companies, Big Petro Inc.and Gargantuan Gas, own adjacent oil fields.Under the fields is a common pool of oil worth $24 million.Drilling a well to recover oil costs $1 million per well.If each company drills one well, each will get half of the oil and earn a $11 million profit ($12 million in revenue minus $1 million in costs) .Assume that having X percent of the total wells means that a company will collect X percent of the total revenue. -Refer to Scenario 17-2.Gargantuan Gas's dominant strategy would lead to what sort of well-drilling behaviour


A) Gargantuan Gas will not drill a second well under any circumstances.
B) Gargantuan Gas will drill a second well no matter what Big Petro Inc.does.
C) Gargantuan Gas will drill a second well only if Big Petro Inc.drills a well.
D) Gargantuan Gas will drill a second well only if Big Petro Inc.does not drill a well.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Sienna and Connell are competitors in a local market and each is trying to decide if it is worthwhile to advertise.If both of them advertise,each will earn a profit of $5000.If neither of them advertises,each will earn a profit of $10,000.If one advertises and the other doesn't,then the one who advertises will earn a profit of $15,000 and the other will earn $7000.To make the most money,what should Sienna do and what will she earn


A) She should advertise, and she will earn $5000.
B) She should not advertise, and she will earn $10,000.
C) She should advertise, and she will earn $15,000.
D) Martha has no strategy that guarantees her the most money.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Assume that demand for a product that is produced at zero marginal cost is reflected in the table below. Assume that demand for a product that is produced at zero marginal cost is reflected in the table below.     a. What is the profit-maximizing level of production for a group of oligopolistic firms that operate as a cartel? b. Assume that this market is characterized by a duopoly in which collusive agreements are illegal. What market price and quantity will be associated with a profit-maximizing Nash equilibrium? c. Assume that this market is served by three identical firms who operate as independent oligopolists (no collusive agreements). What market price and quantity will be associated with a profit-maximizing Nash equilibrium? How does your answer differ from (b) above? a. What is the profit-maximizing level of production for a group of oligopolistic firms that operate as a cartel? b. Assume that this market is characterized by a duopoly in which collusive agreements are illegal. What market price and quantity will be associated with a profit-maximizing Nash equilibrium? c. Assume that this market is served by three identical firms who operate as independent oligopolists (no collusive agreements). What market price and quantity will be associated with a profit-maximizing Nash equilibrium? How does your answer differ from (b) above?

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a.Q = 1200
b.Q = 1600,P = $12
...

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Table 17-1 Imagine a small town in which only two residents, Matthew and Anna, own wells that produce water for safe drinking. Each Saturday, Matthew and Anna work together to decide how many litres of water to pump, bring the water to town, and sell it at whatever price the market will bear. To keep things simple, suppose that Matthew and Anna can pump as much water as they want without cost; therefore, the marginal cost of water equals zero. The weekly town demand schedule and total revenue schedule for water is reflected in the table. Table 17-1 Imagine a small town in which only two residents, Matthew and Anna, own wells that produce water for safe drinking. Each Saturday, Matthew and Anna work together to decide how many litres of water to pump, bring the water to town, and sell it at whatever price the market will bear. To keep things simple, suppose that Matthew and Anna can pump as much water as they want without cost; therefore, the marginal cost of water equals zero. The weekly town demand schedule and total revenue schedule for water is reflected in the table.   -Refer to Table 17-1.What would be the socially efficient level of water supplied to the market A) 40 litres B) 60 litres C) 80 litres D) 120 litres -Refer to Table 17-1.What would be the socially efficient level of water supplied to the market


A) 40 litres
B) 60 litres
C) 80 litres
D) 120 litres

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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In what type of market do the actions of any one seller have a significant impact on the profits of all other sellers


A) a monopoly market
B) a perfectly competitive market
C) a monopolistically competitive market
D) an oligopoly

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Assume that Peach Computers has entered into an enforceable resale price maintenance agreement with Computer Super Stores Inc.(CSS Inc.) and CompuMart.Which outcome will result


A) The wholesale price of Peach computers will be different for CSS Inc.than it is for CompuMart.
B) CompuMart will benefit from customers who go to CSS Inc.for information about different computers.
C) CSS Inc.will sell Peach computers at a lower price than CompuMart.
D) CompuMart and CSS Inc.will sell Peach Computers for exactly the same price.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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