A) Degradative enzymes to damage host tissue
B) Specialized structures for attachment to host tissues
C) Secretion of toxins
D) Thick cuticle to escape detection from the host immune system
F) C) and D)
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A) eggs, larvae, or adult worms found in feces.
B) intense abdominal pain.
C) increased eosinophil count.
D) vague nausea.
E) increased sensitivity to helminth antigens.
G) B) and E)
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A) Infection causes obstruction of the bile duct.
B) Eggs are released in the feces.
C) They are transmitted by consuming inadequately cooked fish.
D) Fresh water snails are an intermediate host.
F) None of the above
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A) Infection is precipitated by broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.
B) It produces "rice-water" stools.
C) It is part of the normal intestinal biota.
D) It is also called pseudomembranous colitis.
E) It is a gram-positive, endospore-forming rod.
G) B) and C)
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A) Donors and recipients must be carefully matched to prevent an immune reaction in the recipient.
B) The goal is to completely eradicate Clostridium difficile from a patient's gut microbiota and replace it with a healthy community.
C) Fecal matter must be carefully disinfected and screened for viruses, cysts, and endospores before transfer to a recipient patient.
D) This treatment is designed to jump-start the intestinal microbiota after an infection with Clostridium difficile resuts in acute diarrhea.
F) A) and C)
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A) the presence of helminths instead of the normal bacteria in the gut.
B) an increase in the overall number of microbes in the gut.
C) a shift in the relative proportions of the microbes in this environment.
D) a change in a person's enterotype.
F) All of the above
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A) There is only a single drug available to treat Schistosoma infection, praziquantel, and drug-resistant strains are beginning to arise.
B) Once a person has recovered from an infection with Schistosoma mansoni, they are protected with lifelong immunity.
C) Efficacy of treatment is assess by observing fecal samples placed in water for whether eggs can hatch to release live miracidia.
D) Schistosomiasis is transmitted by exposing the skin to a water source that has been contaminated with sewage.
F) B) and D)
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B) False
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A) Food left unrefrigerated for several hours is at risk for contamination.
B) Symptoms come on quickly and include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
C) Food becomes contaminated by a human carrier.
D) Common affected foods include custards, ham, cream pastries, and processed meats.
E) Ingestion of the pathogen allows it to multiply and damage the GI tract lining.
G) D) and E)
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A) a protozoan that does not form cysts.
B) infection of the large intestine.
C) symptoms of abdominal pain, flatulence, and diarrhea.
D) vector transmission.
E) All of the choices are correct.
G) None of the above
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A) Clostridium difficile
B) hepatitis B
C) norovirus
D) cholera
E) shiga-toxin-producing E.coli
G) All of the above
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A) Taenia solium
B) Diphyllobothrium latum
C) Trichuris trichiura
D) Enterobius vermicularis
F) A) and C)
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B) False
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A) Schistosoma mansoni; blood fluke
B) Ascaris lumbricoides; intestinal roundworm
C) Opisthorchis sinensis; liver fluke
D) Trichuris trichiura; whipworm
E) Taenia solium; pinworm
G) B) and C)
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A) dark-field microscopy looking for motility.
B) its ability to grow at high temperature and produce zones of clearing on blood agar.
C) its robust chemotactic response to the presence of chitin.
D) growth on selective media followed by PCR of its 16S rRNA gene.
F) A) and D)
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A) a blood cell count to look for elevated levels of eosinophils.
B) a good medical history of the patient, including recent foreign travel.
C) an ova and parasite smear for microscopy.
D) a serological test for the presence of anti-helminthic antibodies.
F) All of the above
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B) False
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A) methane producers
B) motile
C) gram-positive bacilli
D) lactose fermenters
E) All of the choices are correct.
G) C) and D)
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A) It can lead to Guillain-Barre syndrome.
B) It is caused by a shiga toxin.
C) Campylobacter burrows into the mucosa of the ileum and multiplies.
D) It can last over 2 weeks.
E) It can cause acute temporary paralysis.
G) A) and B)
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A) is common in AIDS patients.
B) is associated with severe pain, bleeding, pseudomembranes, and necrosis.
C) involves Treponema vincentii, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium.
D) is due to poor oral hygiene, altered host defenses, or prior gum disease.
E) is highly contagious.
G) A) and E)
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