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Exam 8: Learning and Decision Making

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Question 21

Multiple Choice

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Research shows that the differences between experts and novices are almost always a function of:

A) intelligence.
B) consensus.
C) heuristic.
D) personality.
E) learning.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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Question 22

Multiple Choice

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In general,_____ and _____ should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees.

A) punishment; extinction
B) negative reinforcement; extinction
C) punishment; negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
E) positive reinforcement; extinction

F) A) and B)
G) B) and D)

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Question 23

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Because of their tacit knowledge,experts sometimes cannot put into words why they know that a problem exists,why a solution will work,or how they accomplished a task.

For positive reinforcement to be successful,an employee needs to see a direct link between his or her behavior and the desired outcome.

Which of the following is a characteristic of tacit knowledge?

A(n) _____ occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group.

_____ theory argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others.

At a World Issues Conference,all the participants were asked to develop responses to two case situations.People split themselves up into teams based on their occupations.Which of the following helps to explain why the participants acted this way?

A stereotype occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group.

A student does his homework and assignments just to avoid being yelled at by the professor.Examine the form of reinforcement used in this situation.

A new,complex,and unrecognized situation calls for:

Explain the two methods that employees can use to make decisions.

The rational decision-making model offers a step-by-step approach to making decisions that maximize outcomes by examining all available alternatives.

Albert is the manager of a large retail store.He has the authority to appoint employees in the store.The store does not have a specialized human resource executive and Albert himself conducts selection interviews.Albert has not received any training on selection and recruitment.This often leads to selection errors.

_____ is the process of selecting,organizing,storing,and retrieving information about the environment.

Organizations use four specific consequences to modify employee behavior.They are known as the:

Decision making reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skills that result from experience.

Projection bias causes problems in decision making because it limits our ability to develop appropriate criteria for a decision and evaluate decisions carefully.

The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall refers to the:

The workers at Snack Time are always on their feet and do not take extra long breaks because their supervisor Mr.Dan pays surprise visits to the production department.This practice helps the firm exceed performance targets.Mr.Dan practices which of the following reinforcement schedules?